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Here is what appears in Volume 1 Number 3 of the Journal of the Swimming
Pool and Spa Industry:
General:
An Introduction to the Journal
Articles:
Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D.
University of Arizona
Peter Gerba
Consultant
Outbreaks Caused by Giardia and Cryptosporidium Associated with Swimming
Pools
The most important factor in preventing swimming pool outbreaks is adequate
disinfection. Chlorine is the agent universally selected as the swimming
pool disinfectant. However, in recent years it has become evident that another
means must be utilized for parasites, like Giardia and Cryptosporidium;
filtration and chlorination together can provide adequate disinfection,
with proper pool management. Outbreaks that were reported are described
in this paper, indicating how disinfection was compromised.
John A. Wojtowicz
Chemcon
Swimming Pool Water Balance – Part 3: Factors Affecting Loss of
Carbon Dioxide
As part of a study on factors affecting the saturation index of swimming
pool water, a computer program was written to simulate the chemistry of
swimming pools. One of the key parameters in this program is the rate of
carbon dioxide loss. Laboratory tests under static conditions had shown
that carbon dioxide is readily lost to the atmosphere resulting in increased
pH with time. Because carbon dioxide loss raises pH, it also increases the
saturation index, making cloudy water formation, i.e., precipitation of
calcium carbonate, more favorable.
J. Que Hales
Pool Chlor
The Post–application Determination of Cement:Aggregate Ratios in
Swimming Pool and Spa Plaster
The ratio of cement to aggregate in swimming pool and spa plaster plays
an important role in its subsequent strength, durability, texture and appearance.
When attempting quality control of the finished product, however, it has
been difficult to ascertain that ratio once the swimming pool or spa is
already plastered. In an attempt to develop a method for post–application
determination of the ratio, two common methods were examined. After applying
various methods to known samples of various ratios, the Archimedes (density)
method was found to be the most reliable and appropriate. Results of further
"blind" testing of experimental samples were in good agreement
with the baseline developed by the initial tests.
Michael J. Unhoch and Roy D. Vore, Ph.D.
Zeneca Biocides – Chemical Research and Development Laboratory
Effect of Recreational Water Sanitizers on Swimwear: Comparative Effect
of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide and Chlorinated Pool Water on Swimwear
Pool water treatment chemicals and sunlight exposure are two key factors
that influence the colorfastness and physical degradation of swimwear fabrics.
Two commonly used pool water disinfectants are chlorine and polyhexamethylene
biguanide (PHMB). Polyhexamethylene biguanide is the only non-halogen based
sanitizer registered by the EPA for recreational water. PHMB is a stable,
highly water soluble, non-oxidizing, cationic polymer that is used in conjunction
with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer and an alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride as an algicide. The PHMB system has been used to treat swimming
pools worldwide for over 15 years. The effects of balanced synthetic pool
water, chlorine treated pool water, and PHMB/hydrogen peroxide/quaternary
ammonium treated pool water on color and burst strength of three knitted
swimwear fabrics were investigated. These three treatments were evaluated
in the presence and absence of artificial sunlight. The greatest color change
and reduction in burst strength was exhibited by exposure to light with
no chemical treatment. Chlorine treated pool water had the greatest effect
on color change and reduction in burst strength for the chemical treatments.
The PHMB/hydrogen peroxide/quaternary ammonium treated pool water had no
greater impact on color change or reduction in burst strength than the balanced
synthetic pool water control. As a general rule, swimwear life may be extended
by drying in indirect light.
Don Hafer
Perfect Balance Laboratories, Division of Paramount Pool Supply, Inc.
Field Evaluation of a Bi-Polar Oxygen Sanitation System and a Mineral
Purification System
The following study is a field evaluation of the Bi–Polar Oxygen
Sanitation System (B.O.S.S.) and the Mineral Purification System (DIGSYS),
both products of NOGSYS Technologies. The study was commissioned by NOGSYS,
who submitted the study for publication in the Journal with the permission
of Mr. Hafer.
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